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Because the scope of GPS research and application development is so broad and conducted by researchers all over the globe, it is impossible to give a comprehensive listing. Therefore, merely demonstrates the extraordinarily rapid development of the  GPS Solution  . GPS made its debut in surveying and geodesy with a big bang. During the summer of 1982, the testing of the Macrometer receiver, developed by C. C. Counselman at M.I.T., verified a GPS surveying accuracy of 1–2 parts per million (ppm) of the station separation. Baselines were measured repeatedly using several hours of observations to study this new surveying technique and to gain initial experience with GPS. During 1983 a thirty (plus)-station first-order network densification in the Eifel region of Germany was observed (Bock et al., 1985). This project was a joint effort by the State Surveying Office of North Rhein-Westfalia, a private U.S. firm, and scientists from M.I.T. In early 1984, the geodetic network densif...

Powering Your GPS Receiver GPS receivers that are advertised as waterproof typically comply with the IEC (European Community Specification) Standard 529 IPX7. This standard states a device can be immersed in up to one meter (a little over three feet) of water for up to 30 minutes before failing. You can count on all handheld GPS receivers to be weatherproof (moisture-resistant), but if I’m doing an activity where my waterproof IPX7 GPS receiver might end up taking a dunking, I carry it in waterproof bag that floats just for added security.   After considering all the options, making your list, checking it twice, and finding out which GPS receivers are naughty and nice, you’ve finally come to that blessed event where you’re the proud owner of a GPS receiver. But before you step out the door for a 100-mile wilderness trek or cross-country road trip, intent on relying on your new electronic gadget as a guide, be sure spend some time getting to know your GPS receiver. A good p...

Since GPS signal errors tend to be quite similar over wide geographic areas, there are obvious advantages to having a single base station serve for any roving stations in that area. Put another way, one can think of very few, if any, reasons for each of 28 GPS users, who are in reasonably close proximity to each other, to collect and rebroadcast identical correction data. This obvious fact, plus the entrepreneurial nature of American society, has produced GPS differential correction services, wherein a user contracts for equipment and the right to receive corrections to the raw GPS signal. Users who are sufficiently close to a U.S. Coast Guard GPS beacon may pick up a signal at no cost besides that of the receiving equipment. Such stations are sometimes referred to as Continually Operating Reference Stations, CORS. The problem with “centrally located” base stations is that there may not be a signal from one where you are trying to take data. While there are more and more base stat...

GPS might be divided up in the following way: The Earth The first major component of GPS is Earth itself: its mass and its surface, and the space immediately above. The mass of the Earth holds the satellites in orbit. From the point of view of physics, each satellite is trying to fly by the Earth at four kilometers per second. The Earth’s gravity pulls on the satellite vertically so it falls. The trajectory of its fall is a track that is parallel to the curve of the Earth’s surface. The surface of the Earth is studded with little “monuments”– carefully positioned metal or stone markers–whose coordinates are known quite accurately. These lie in the “numerical graticule” which we all agree forms the basis for geographic position. Measurements in the units of the graticule, and based on the positions of the monuments, allow us to determine the position of any object we choose on the surface of the Earth. Earth-Circling Satellites The United States GPS design calls for a t...

A GPS receiver is one of the most accurate clocks in the world, if it has continual access to the satellites. The forte of a clock in a  tracking device  is short-term accuracy, not long-term consistency. People who really want to know exactly what time it is can set up a base station over a known point and analyze GPS signals for time instead of position. GPS time does differ from UTC time by an integer number of seconds, less than 20 for the near future. There are many applications for which coordinated time is vital. Examples: making the telephone system, the banking system, and the Internet, on which the World Wide Web is based, run smoothly. There will be an increasing number of applications in which GPS signals control equipment directly, rather than going through a human “middle-man.” In such joint GPS/GIS uses as fertilizer or pesticide application, the automated system may steer the tractor while the farmer rides along simply for reasons of safety. Carving out ro...

GPS is a Global Positioning System based on satellite technology. The fundamental technique of GPS is to measure the ranges between the receiver and a few simultaneously observed satellites. The positions of the satellites are forecasted and broadcasted along with the GPS signal to the user. Through several known positions (of the satellites) and the measured distances between the receiver and the satellites, the position of the receiver can be determined. The position change, which can be also determined, is then the velocity of the receiver. The most important applications of the GPS are positioning and navigating. Through the developments of a few decades,  GPS tracker  is now even known by school children. GPS has been very widely applied in several areas, such as air, sea and land navigation, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite orbit determination, static and kinematic positioning, flight-state monitoring, as well as surveying, etc.  electronic tracking devices ...

You may have a pretty good idea of what Global Positioning System (GPS) is and how it works. In addition to knowing about the satellites, ground stations, and receivers, however, you should have a grasp of some important concepts before you start using a GPS receiver — things like coordinate systems, datums, waypoints, routes, and tracks. Even if you already own a GPS receiver and have used it for a while, this is still a good chapter to skim through because some of these basic concepts that I discuss end up being overlooked in user manuals or can get a bit fuzzy if you don’t use your GPS receiver on a regular basis. Read on while I help clarify some important terms and concepts (like datums and waypoints and routes) so you’ll be (pardon the pun) moving in the right direction.   Linking GPS, Maps, and Coordinate Systems   Some people think that after they have a  tracking device  , they really don’t need a map, especially if the receiver has built-in mapping...

There are a variety of uses for GPS technology today, from basic positioning applications which might provide a traveller with their current location, speed, and direction to their destination, to highly complex applications where the user’s position information is feed into a system that provides location-specific features and services tailored for that user. What follows are some examples of how GPS technology is being used to enhance the capabilities of intelligent vehicle platforms. The initial examples illustrate some of the more traditional positioning applications, such as basic location and autonomous navigation systems, which are already seeing widespread use today. This is followed by examples describing how GPS-derived positioning information is being used to provide location-based services in vehicles today, and how the richness and complexity of those services will increase in the near future. A  portable tracker , while not strictly an intelligent vehicle system,...

While most  GPS Tracking Device  have the same functionality, there are a lot of differences in manufacturer and model user interfaces. In a way it’s like sitting someone down in front of three personal computers, one running Microsoft Windows XP, one running Linux (with the KDE or Gnome interface), and the other a Macintosh, and asking a computer novice volunteer to perform an identical set of tasks on each of the computers. Good luck! Because of this, you’re not going to find detailed instructions on how to use specific GPS receiver models. What you will find is information on how to use most any GPS receiver, with some kindly suggestions tossed in when it’s appropriate to consult your user’s guide for details. GPS receiver models are constantly changing and being updated. Instead of recommending that you buy a certain brand or model (that could possibly be replaced by something cheaper and better over the course of a few months), I’ll tell you what questions to ask whe...

Enhanced client-assisted GPS positioning The enhanced client-assisted GPS positioning technique is a hybrid between autonomous GPS and server-assisted GPS. This type of solution is similar to the serverassisted GPS, with the location server providing the mobile unit with a list of visible satellites on demand. However, in an enhanced client-assisted system, the mobile unit does the complete PVT calculation rather than sending pseudorange information back to the location server. This technique essentially requires the same processing power and capabilities as an autonomous  GPS solution , in addition to a communication link between the mobile unit and the location server. However, the amount of time required to complete the PVT calculation is much less than with an autonomous GPS solution, because of the satellite view information provided by the location server, and fewer exchanges with the location server are required than with a server-assisted solution. Dead reckoning ...

Car tracking GPS is a practical and easy-to-use GPS tracker specially designed for vehicle tracking. It combines GSM+GPRS+GPS wireless communication technology, with A-GPS function the device can easily achieve extreme fast positioning (Cold start < 10s). Vehicle GPS tracker is ultra-thin, easy to install, maintenance free, built-in high sensitivity GPS chipset and antenna enables it to fast and precise locating even in the concrete jungle. Its built-in 3-axis accelerometer extends battery life through sophisticated power management algorithms. Users can use cell phone, PC or SMS to locate the vehicle’s real-time position and driving paths. Jimi JV200 will provide you high quality vehicle GPS tracking devices based on Jimi’s exceptional technology and standards. This user manual has been specially designed to guide you through the functions and features of your JV200. Please read this manual carefully before using yo|ur device to ensure safe and correct use. The descriptions of ...

Over the past few years, the electronic tracking device commercial market has grown rapidly. People are using GPS in rental cars, on hiking trips, and in many other recreational activities. Companies have been formed whose business it is to put names on latitude and longitude coordinates. These companies have constructed extensive databases with street names, addresses, business names, points of interest, restaurants, underwater wrecks, and the list goes on. Anything which is stationary is likely to be labelled. All of this extensive data has been put into electronic form so that it can be converted into various computer formats. With this growth in electronic data, blind people no longer need be limited to the small amounts of location information they could previously glean from sighted people. The maps and points of interest are no longer just a drawing on an inaccessible print map. This electronic data can be converted into programs that work on computers designed for blind or v...

GPS Declassified examines the development of GPS from its secret, Cold War military roots to its emergence as a worldwide consumer industry. Drawing on previously unexplored documents, the military rivalries influenced the creation of GPS and shaped public perceptions about its origin. Since the United States’ first program to launch a satellite in the late 1950s, the nation has pursued dual paths into space—one military and secret, the other scientific and public. Among the many commercial spinoffs this approach has produced, GPS arguably boasts the greatest impact on our daily lives. Told by the son of a navy insider—whose work helped lay the foundations for the system—and a science and technology journalist, the research and technological advances required for the development of GPS. GPS moved from the laboratory to the battlefield to the dashboard and the smartphone, and they raise the specter of how this technology and its surrounding industry affect public policy. Insights into h...

We are currently seeing a golden age of unprecedented progress and discovery in movement research. The innovation in Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, combined with systems for remote data transfer, has particularly favored tracking device -based animal telemetry to become a standard in wildlife tracking. Three main processes are responsible for this rapid advancement: (1) the development of new tracking techniques to quantify movement, (2) powerful data analysis tools to examine key questions about movement and its causes and consequences, and (3) conceptual and theoretical frameworks for integrating movement research. Many new tools have been developed recently to record the movement of various organisms vii with levels of accuracy, frequency, and duration that are much higher than they were just a few years ago. This has strongly improved our capacity to track insects, fish, and other relatively small organisms. However, arguably the most dramatic development in animal bio...

In recent years, new wildlife tracking and asset GPS tracking device have become available, allowing remote data capture from a steadily increasing number of taxa, species and individual animals. This has resulted in a substantial increase in the volume of data gathered by researchers, environmental monitoring programs and public agencies. In the future, one can expect an almost exponential increase in collected data as new sensors, e.g. to monitor health status, interactions among individuals, or other animal-centred variables, are integrated into current biologging systems on animals. Data can be remotely transferred to operators (e.g. using Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) networks or satellite systems such as Argos, Globalstar and Iridium), making near real-time monitoring of animals possible. Furthermore, positional information can now be complemented with a wide range of other information about the animals’ environment made available by satellite remote sensing, met...

Understanding the right positions and directions of people and objects is a significant issue from the ancient eras to the present. In the past, people often launched a war in order to satisfy the craving for the dominating powers and spread their realms. In the recent, Global Satellite Positioning System (GPS) has become the one of most popular positioning technologies. GPS can provide users precise positioning information, no matter wherever that may present their own positions. The early GPS positioning technology has been widely used in military, marine use, until recently gradually applied into our daily life, e.g. automotive navigation, geodesy surveying, etc. In this chapter, the authors will briefly introduce some GPS issues including the origins of GPS, GPS system architecture, and related GPS applications. The most driving purpose is to traverse to the destination safely, efficiently, and comfortably. Two types of approaches could achieve the goals, including the static and...